Industry

Electronics

Machine vision built for the micron-level precision of PCB assembly — from solder paste to final functional test, with traceability for every component.

Overview

Vision Inspection for Electronics Manufacturing

Electronics manufacturing operates at a scale where defects are measured in parts per million and tolerances in tens of microns. A modern PCB carries hundreds — sometimes thousands — of components, ranging from 0201 passives smaller than a grain of rice to BGAs with hundreds of hidden solder balls. Catching defects after the board leaves the line is exponentially more expensive than catching them upstream.

Machine vision is the spine of modern SMT inspection. Solder Paste Inspection (SPI) verifies the print before components land. Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) verifies the board after reflow. Both systems generate millions of measurements per shift, feed defect data back to upstream processes, and produce the IPC-A-610 evidence that customers and certification bodies expect.

Opsistech designs and integrates inspection systems for the full SMT line — selecting cameras, lighting, optics, and algorithms that match each customer's product mix, volume, and quality target. Every cell delivers measurable defect-escape reduction within weeks of commissioning.

Capabilities

What We Inspect

Solder Paste Inspection (SPI)

3D measurement of paste deposits before reflow — height, area, volume, offset, and bridging detected at every pad to catch stencil-print issues at source.

Automated Optical Inspection (AOI)

Post-reflow inspection of every component and joint — missing parts, wrong polarity, misalignment, lifted leads, solder bridges, and tombstoning identified per board.

Component Placement Verification

X, Y, and theta accuracy checked for every placed component — sub-pixel measurement detects rotation and offset errors before solder paste fixes them in place.

Connector Pin & Polarity Checks

Connector orientation, pin presence, bent or missing pins, and polarity markings verified for headers, sockets, and terminal blocks before downstream assembly.

Label & Marking Verification

DataMatrix and QR codes read and validated, OCR/OCV confirms part numbers, revisions, and serial numbers — linking each board to its build record from day one.

3D Solder Joint Inspection

Joint height, volume, fillet shape, and void detection through structured-light or laser triangulation — escapes that 2D inspection misses are caught reliably.

Process

From Bare Board to Final Test

01
Incoming Component & Bare Board Inspection Bare PCBs are checked for correct revision, surface finish, and trace integrity. Reels and trays are scanned, components verified against the BOM, and counterfeit indicators flagged before parts touch the line.
02
Solder Paste Inspection (SPI) Before Reflow Immediately after stencil printing, every pad is measured in 3D — paste height, volume, offset, and shape. Print defects are caught before placement, when the board is still trivially recoverable.
03
Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) After Reflow Post-reflow AOI inspects every component and every joint on every board — presence, position, polarity, solder quality. Defect data feeds back to placement and reflow processes within minutes.
04
Final Assembly & Functional Test Validation After through-hole, conformal coating, and final assembly, vision verifies connector seating, screw torque marks, label placement, and enclosure fit before functional and ICT/FCT stations.
05
Serialisation & Lifetime Traceability Every board is marked with a unique DataMatrix or laser-engraved serial. The build record — components, paste lots, reflow profile, AOI image — is linked to that serial for the lifetime of the product.

Sub-sectors

Where We Deploy in Electronics

Why Opsistech

Built for IPC-Class Electronics Production

Electronics quality is governed by published standards — IPC-A-610 for acceptability, IPC-7711/7721 for rework, J-STD-001 for soldering. Opsistech configures inspection systems whose criteria align with these standards out of the box, so AOI calls map directly to the IPC class your customer demands. That alignment removes ambiguity from operator review and makes audits straightforward.

The cost of an escape grows by an order of magnitude at every downstream stage — a defective joint caught at AOI costs cents to rework; the same defect caught in functional test costs euros; in the field it costs warranty replacement, brand damage, and sometimes recall. Sub-pixel measurement precision and properly tuned algorithms are what hold the line escape rate at parts per million rather than parts per thousand.

Opsistech inspection cells integrate cleanly with line-management systems — SMEMA, Hermes, and the customer's MES — so SPI and AOI feedback closes the loop with placement and reflow in real time. We design cells equally for high-volume EMS production runs and lower-volume specialist work, where deep learning and fast program changeover make small batches economically inspectable.

Related Services

Technologies We Deploy

FAQ

Frequently Asked Questions — Machine Vision in Electronics

What is AOI (Automated Optical Inspection)?

Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) is a machine vision technique used after reflow soldering to verify every component on a PCB. AOI cameras capture high-resolution images of each board and compare them against a golden reference, detecting missing or misaligned components, wrong polarity, lifted leads, solder bridges, insufficient solder, and tombstoning — typically at speeds of one PCB every few seconds.

What's the difference between SPI and AOI?

SPI (Solder Paste Inspection) runs immediately after stencil printing and before component placement — it measures paste height, area, volume, and offset to catch printing defects when they are still cheap to fix. AOI (Automated Optical Inspection) runs after reflow and verifies the populated, soldered board. SPI prevents defects upstream; AOI catches whatever escapes.

Can vision systems detect lifted leads and tombstoning?

Yes. 3D AOI systems use structured light or laser triangulation to measure the Z-height of every solder joint and lead. Lifted leads, tombstoned chip components, billboarding, and insufficient wetting all produce a measurable height anomaly that 3D AOI flags reliably — defects that 2D inspection often misses because they look correct from directly above.

How does deep learning help with PCB defect classification?

Modern PCBs mix BGAs, QFNs, fine-pitch ICs, and passive components with subtle, varied defects. Rule-based AOI generates many false calls on these complex boards, which slows lines and frustrates operators. Deep learning models trained on real defect imagery learn the difference between a true escape and a benign cosmetic variation, cutting false-call rates by 70 to 90 percent and freeing operators to focus on real escapes.

Are vision systems compatible with high-mix low-volume production?

Yes — modern AOI and SPI systems support fast program changeover and CAD-driven setup, so a board changeover can take minutes rather than hours. For high-mix low-volume EMS work, deep learning further reduces the per-product programming burden by generalising across similar component families. Opsistech configures inspection cells for both volume runs and short-run specialist production.

Tighten quality on your SMT line

Tell us about your boards — component mix, volume, IPC class — and we'll design an SPI/AOI cell around them.

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